[39] He began a romantic relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist schoolteacher. [426], Lenin was a devout Marxist,[428] and believed that his interpretation of Marxism, first termed "Leninism" by Martov in 1904,[429] was the sole authentic and orthodox one. [553] All of Lenin's writings that proved useful to Stalin were published, but the others remained hidden,[554] and knowledge of both Lenin's non-Russian ancestry and his noble status was suppressed. Where did Vladimir Lenin die? [110], —Lenin on his interpretation of the First World War[111], Lenin was in Galicia when the First World War broke out. [212] Full-scale nationalisation did not take place until November 1920, when small-scale industrial enterprises were brought under state control. [79] In doing so, he adopted SR slogans regarding "armed insurrection", "mass terror", and "the expropriation of gentry land", resulting in Menshevik accusations that he had deviated from orthodox Marxism. [565] In 2012, the last statue of Lenin still standing in the Mongolian capital, Ulaanbaatar, was removed, with city mayor Bat-Uul Erdene calling him a "murderer. [182] A Socialist-Revolutionary, Fanny Kaplan, was arrested and executed. [175] In November 1917, Lenin and his wife took a two-room flat within the Smolny Institute; the following month they left for a brief holiday in Halila, Finland. January 1924. [1] The official cause of death was recorded as an incurable disease of the blood vessels. [53] He also finished The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), his longest book to date, which criticised the agrarian-socialists and promoted a Marxist analysis of Russian economic development. [31], In May 1890, Maria, who retained societal influence as the widow of a nobleman, persuaded the authorities to allow Lenin to take his exams externally at the University of St Petersburg, where he obtained the equivalent of a first-class degree with honours. They were instructed to ignore pre-existing laws, and base their rulings on the Sovnarkom decrees and a "socialist sense of justice. [521] Conversely, many later Western communists, such as Manuel Azcárate and Jean Ellenstein, who were involved in the Eurocommunist movement, expressed the view that Lenin and his ideas were irrelevant to their own objectives, thereby embracing a Marxist but not Marxist–Leninist perspective. [428] Although he derided Marxists who adopted ideas from contemporary non-Marxist philosophers and sociologists,[439] his own ideas were influenced not only by Russian Marxist theory but also by wider ideas from the Russian revolutionary movement,[440] including those of the Narodnik agrarian-socialists. [192] Seeking to modernise the country, the government officially converted Russia from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar used in Europe. [338] The Workers' Opposition, which had connections to the official state trade unions, also expressed the concern that the government had lost the trust of the Russian working class. [268] His published articles and speeches rarely called for executions, but he regularly did so in his coded telegrams and confidential notes. [181] He survived a second assassination attempt, in Moscow in August 1918; he was shot following a public speech and injured badly. He had had a brown cat in Geneva. [418] Lenin's funeral took place the following day, when his body was carried to Red Square, accompanied by martial music, where assembled crowds listened to a series of speeches before the corpse was placed into the vault of a specially erected mausoleum. [503] Throughout his adult life, he was in a relationship with Krupskaya, a fellow Marxist whom he married. [22] There, he read voraciously, becoming enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is to Be Done? [213], A faction of the Bolsheviks known as the "Left Communists" criticised Sovnarkom's economic policy as too moderate; they wanted nationalisation of all industry, agriculture, trade, finance, transport, and communication. [174] The only individual to have anywhere near this influence was Lenin's right-hand man, Yakov Sverdlov, who died in March 1919 during a flu pandemic. [368] Between 1920 and 1926, twenty volumes of Lenin's Collected Works were published; some material was omitted. Menshevik attendees condemned the illegitimate seizure of power and the risk of civil war. [142], In August 1917, while Lenin was in Finland, General Lavr Kornilov, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, sent troops to Petrograd in what appeared to be a military coup attempt against the Provisional Government. [222] He believed that ongoing war would create resentment among war-weary Russian troops, to whom he had promised peace, and that these troops and the advancing German Army threatened both his own government and the cause of international socialism. Rumors of Lenin's syphilis sprang up shortly after his death. [526] The Soviet view characterised him as a man who recognised the historically inevitable and accordingly helped to make the inevitable happen.