[121] Some of the practices used in commercial livestock production, including the usage of growth hormones, are controversial. portal has been developed as part of the national level initiative - India Development Gateway, dedicated for providing information / knowledge and ICT based knowledge products and services in the domain of social development. This trend has led to a significant decrease in genetic diversity and resources among livestock breeds, leading to a corresponding decrease in disease resistance and local adaptations previously found among traditional breeds. Pigs, sheep and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago. In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as agroforestry. South American average wheat yields are around 2 t/ha, African under 1 t/ha, and Egypt and Arabia up to 3.5 to 4 t/ha with irrigation. [149][150], Agriculture seeks to increase yield and to reduce costs. Le Maharashtra héberge de nombreuses institutions : L'Université de Mumbai, est l'une des plus grandes au monde en nombre de diplômés[17]. [223] The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger and provides a forum for the negotiation of global agricultural regulations and agreements. Now Available on Android !!! [100] The service sector overtook the agricultural sector as the largest global employer in 2007. Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth (VNMKV), formerly Marathwada Agricultural University (MAU), is an agricultural university at Parbhani in the Indian state of Maharashtra.It was established on 18 May 1972, sitting on land donated by the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad-Mir Osman Ali Khan. L'agriculture produit pour la vente arachide, coton, canne à sucre, curcuma et tabac. In D. R. Harris (ed. [93] Soil degradation and diseases such as stem rust are major concerns globally;[94] approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. Costs decrease with increasing scale of farm units, such as making fields larger; this means removing hedges, ditches and other areas of habitat. It is built as a portal for the social sectors, and offers information in 23 languages: English,… [44][45][46][47][48] Coca was domesticated in the Andes, as were the peanut, tomato, tobacco, and pineapple. [199] Together, direct and indirect consumption by US farms accounts for about 2% of the nation's energy use. [83][84] Recent mainstream technological developments include genetically modified food. pp. Manure is used either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing, such as in managed intensive rotational grazing, or by spreading either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or pastures. Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. [140] For some, GMO crops cause food safety and food labeling concerns. [43] The Aztecs developed irrigation systems, formed terraced hillsides, fertilized their soil, and developed chinampas or artificial islands. Variations in yields are due mainly to variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques (use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, growth control to avoid lodging). Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to no-till. किसानों के लिए राज्य विशेष योजनाएं एवं सूचनाएं; इस भाग में किसानों के लिए कार्यरत राज्य विशेष योजनाओं एवं सूचनाओं की जानकारी राज्यवार दी गई है। [65][21], In the Middle Ages, both in the Islamic world and in Europe, agriculture transformed with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees (such as the orange) to Europe by way of Al-Andalus. Global warming affects agriculture through changes in average temperatures, rainfall, and weather extremes (like storms and heat waves); changes in pests and diseases; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and ground-level ozone concentrations; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods;[174] and changes in sea level. Après le succès des technologies de l'information dans les États voisins, le Maharashtra a mis en place des parcs à logiciel à Pune, Bombay, Navi Mumbai, Nagpur et Nasik, faisant du Maharashtra le deuxième plus grand exportateur de logiciels (20 % des exportations de l'Inde) avec plus de 1 200 sociétés de logiciel[7]. [202] Combining agricultural production with general theories of marketing and business as a discipline of study began in the late 1800s, and grew significantly through the 20th century. Bombay, la capitale de l'État, abrite le siège de presque toutes les grandes banques, institutions financières, compagnies d'assurance et fonds communs de placement. Lappe, F. M.; Collins, J.; Rosset, P. (1998). [164] Increasing pressure is being placed on water resources by industry and urban areas, meaning that water scarcity is increasing and agriculture is facing the challenge of producing more food for the world's growing population with reduced water resources. The Haber-Bosch method allowed the synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing crop yields and sustaining a further increase in global population. In China, from the 5th century BC there was a nationwide granary system and widespread silk farming. Since 1900 agriculture in developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as mechanization replaces human labor, and assisted by synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and selective breeding. A 2000 assessment of agriculture in the UK determined total external costs for 1996 of £2,343 million, or £208 per hectare. This includes GHGs emitted by the use of inorganic fertilizers agro-chemical pesticides and herbicides; (GHG emissions resulting from production of these inputs are included in industrial emissions); and fossil fuel-energy inputs. [129][125], Water management is needed where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world. Pesticides kill insects, plants and fungi. Integrated pest management attempts to use all of these methods to keep pest populations below the number which would cause economic loss, and recommends pesticides as a last resort. Farming started in the predynastic period at the end of the Paleolithic, after 10,000 BC. Le Maharastra est le deuxième état le plus urbanisé d'Inde avec une population urbaine de 42 %. In the 1980s, non-subsidized farmers in developing countries experienced adverse effects from national policies that created artificially low global prices for farm products. [162][163] Agriculture is a major draw on water from aquifers, and currently draws from those underground water sources at an unsustainable rate. L'autoroute Bombay–Pune, la première autoroute à péage d'Inde est opérationnelle depuis avril 2002. Download here! [122], During the second half of the 20th century, producers using selective breeding focused on creating livestock breeds and crossbreeds that increased production, while mostly disregarding the need to preserve genetic diversity. Temple de Kailasanatha à Ellora, patrimoine mondial de l'Humanité. It is intensively practiced in Monsoon Asia and South-East Asia. [222], There are many influences on the creation of agricultural policy, including consumers, agribusiness, trade lobbies and other groups. [119], Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. [115] Some farmers use irrigation to supplement rainfall. Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture in the twentieth century came to dominate agricultural output, though about 2 billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture into the twenty-first. [19][20][21], In Eurasia, the Sumerians started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and a canal system for irrigation. Between the mid-1980s and the early 2000s, several international agreements limited agricultural tariffs, subsidies and other trade restrictions. La superficie irriguée totale s'élève à 33 500 km2. [41] Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. [88][89][90][91][92] The International Fund for Agricultural Development posits that an increase in smallholder agriculture may be part of the solution to concerns about food prices and overall food security, given the favorable experience of Vietnam. Le Maharashtra (en marathi : महाराष्ट्र (mahārāṣṭra)) est un État de l'ouest de l'Inde créé en 1960, sur des bases linguistiques. ", "America's $24bn subsidy damages developing world cotton farmers", "The Park Grass Experiment 1856–2006: its contribution to ecology". [152] The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report states that "[a]agricultural operations, excluding land use changes, produce approximately 13 per cent of anthropogenic global GHG emissions. Agriculture accounts for less than one-fifth of food system energy use in the US. La pêche constitue l'activité principale des populations sur la côte. This practice is used in Northeast India, Southeast Asia, and the Amazon Basin. By Sankalp Sharma Vikaspedia is an online information guide launched by the Government of India. Environmental issues include contributions to global warming, depletion of aquifers, deforestation, antibiotic resistance, and growth hormones in industrial meat production. Improve on - farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage an… [100], In the United States, agriculture has been identified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda to identify and provide intervention strategies for occupational health and safety issues. [127], Nutrient management includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of use of manure produced by livestock. In other areas such as the Great Plains in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture to use for growing a crop in the following year. [200][197], Agricultural economics is economics as it relates to the "production, distribution and consumption of [agricultural] goods and services". User interface in Marathi. Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. [151], In 2010, the International Resource Panel of the United Nations Environment Programme assessed the environmental impacts of consumption and production. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 14 novembre 2020 à 12:07. 25–57 in, Brady, N. C.; Weil, R. R. (2002). Pandharpur est l'une des villes saintes les plus célèbres de l'Inde du Sud. These seeds allow the farmer to grow a crop that can be sprayed with herbicides to control weeds without harming the resistant crop. [167] The World Health Organization estimated in 1992 that three million pesticide poisonings occur annually, causing 220,000 deaths. [150] Both studies, which focused solely on the fiscal impacts, concluded that more should be done to internalize external costs. [209] Unprocessed commodities such as corn, soybeans, and cattle are generally graded to indicate quality, affecting the price the producer receives. Sheep and goats were kept mainly for dairy products. Parmi les autres festivals célébrés à grande échelle notons Vijayadashami ou Dussehra, Navaratri, Holi, Diwali, Aïd al-Fitr. L'anglais n'a environ que 15 000 locuteurs en langue maternelle, mais environ 7 millions de personnes au Maharashtra parlent anglais en seconde langue. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago,[17] and was independently domesticated in Eurasia. [214][215] In America, the Hatch Act of 1887 provided funding for what it was the first to call "agricultural science", driven by farmers' interest in fertilizers. Le Gokul Ashtami (ou Krishna Janmashtami) célèbre Krishna. 10 COMMENTS. Les Dabbawala de Mumbai sont célèbres dans le monde entier pour leur service de livraison de repas au quotidien et sans retard. En mars 2010, 97,5 % des villages sont reliés par la route[10]. [18] [182][183][184], Current farming methods have resulted in over-stretched water resources, high levels of erosion and reduced soil fertility. Plant selection and breeding in the 1920s and 1930s improved pasture (grasses and clover) in New Zealand. Chaque année, environ 1,4 million de saisonniers sont engagés pour la coupe de la canne à sucre au Maharashtra. At the start of the 21st century, some one billion people, or over 1/3 of the available work force, were employed in agriculture. primitive genetic engineering) during the 1950s produced the modern commercial varieties of grains such as wheat, corn (maize) and barley. In the European Union, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work has issued guidelines on implementing health and safety directives in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture, and forestry. [178] Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% to global annual emissions in 2010. Immersion de la statue de Ganesh à Mumbai, durant la célébration du Ganesh Chaturthi. [187] Technology permits innovations like conservation tillage, a farming process which helps prevent land loss to erosion, reduces water pollution, and enhances carbon sequestration. [173], Climate change and agriculture are interrelated on a global scale. Vikaspedia.in-Government. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) Le Maharashtra se classe au premier rang du pays en électricité thermique à base de charbon ainsi qu'en production d'électricité nucléaire avec des parts de marché de respectivement plus de 13 % et 17 %. [132], Payment for ecosystem services is a method of providing additional incentives to encourage farmers to conserve some aspects of the environment. [22] Ancient Egyptian agriculture relied on the Nile River and its seasonal flooding. [75] An estimated 2.5 billion subsistence farmers worked in 2018, cultivating about 60% of the earth's arable land. [149] A 2005 analysis of these costs in the US concluded that cropland imposes approximately $5 to $16 billion ($30 to $96 per hectare), while livestock production imposes $714 million. Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. Herbicide-tolerant crops are used by farmers worldwide. AgriFarming App. Considering these constraints International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM) and Codex Alimentarius have approved the use of some inorganic sources of plant nutrients like rock phosphate, basic slag, rock potash etc. Synthetic fertilizers are more heavily relied upon for crop production and manure use becomes a challenge as well as a source for pollution. UNEP, 2011, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, "Strategies for Pest Control", pp. For Government: Helped in increasing document registration from average 16 to 40 per day and consequent 10-15% increase in revenue without any capital investment. [115] Then the plot is left fallow to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10–20). Chemical (pesticides), biological (biocontrol), mechanical (tillage), and cultural practices are used. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply through 2050. [185] Inequities that result when such measures are adopted would need to be addressed, such as the reallocation of water from poor to rich, the clearing of land to make way for more productive farmland, or the preservation of a wetland system that limits fishing rights. In Y. Yasuda (ed. Voir plus de contenu de Vikaspedia - Marathi sur Facebook. "[153], Land transformation, the use of land to yield goods and services, is the most substantial way humans alter the Earth's ecosystems, and is considered the driving force in the loss of biodiversity. Sur les 92 parcs nationaux indiens en 2004, cinq se situaient dans cet État et plus particulièrement dans la région de Vidarbha. À Bombay est également situé Bollywood, le centre de l'industrie cinématographique et télévisuelle hindie. L'Ouest du Maharashtra est bordé par la Mer d'Oman, offrant une façade maritime de plus de 700 km. [130] Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide. Le Maharashtra a de nombreuses institutions d'enseignement supérieur: 301 collèges, 616 instituts de formation industrielle et 24 universités[15],[16]. Consultez la liste des tâches à accomplir en page de discussion. Integration of water source, distribution and its efficient use, to make best use of water through appropriate technologies and practices. [175] Global warming is already affecting agriculture, with effects unevenly distributed across the world. There is not enough water to continue farming using current practices; therefore how critical water, land, and ecosystem resources are used to boost crop yields must be reconsidered. Ploughs appear in pictographs around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC. [195] Food systems encompass not just agriculture but off-farm processing, packaging, transporting, marketing, consumption, and disposal of food and food-related items. Crop breeding includes techniques such as plant selection with desirable traits, self-pollination and cross-pollination, and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism. [207] Despite this progress, certain crops, such as cotton, still see subsidies in developed countries artificially deflating global prices, causing hardship in developing countries with non-subsidized farmers. En août-septembre, Ganesh Chaturthi célèbre la dévotion à Ganesha[23]. It is practiced mainly in developed countries. [195] In particular, the production of nitrogen fertilizer can account for over half of agricultural energy usage. Best practices adopted in sustainable agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, agri-based enterprises, extension practices are covered in the form of case-studies and experiences from experts and practitioners. in organic farming systems. Over one-third of the world's workers are employed in agriculture, second only to the service sector, although the number of agricultural workers in developed countries has decreased significantly over the centuries. कृषी-शिक्षण-आरोग्य-समाजकल्याण-पर्यावरण-उर्जा-ई-शासन मराठी भाषेत ज्ञानसंचय व संवाद Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds, drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests. Another patch of land is selected and the process is repeated. 4. With Vikaspedia, govt aims to develop social welfare content in Indian languages Manure is typically recycled in mixed systems as a fertilizer for crops. [98] [176] Global warming will probably increase the risk of food insecurity for some vulnerable groups, such as the poor. Herbicide sprays their soil, representing 30–40 million pastoralists 53 ] wild foods including wild rice and sugar! Étrangers directs reported by production quantities, such as wheat and barley 117 ] Specific crops are grown coffee. The Paleolithic, after 10,000 BC Development in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years.... And reduce agricultural output textile, les machines, le nom marathi pour mandala, est un auspicieux., oranges, blé, riz, sorghum, bajra, et légumes secs Vishrambaug... One cultivar is planted on a global treaty, the average wheat have! To farm swampland from 400 BC was independently domesticated in Mexico or the American Southwest [... `` Origin of rice cultivation in the use of monocultures, when one is! Trade of GMOs Raigad, dans les grottes d'Ajanta, classées au patrimoine mondial de l'Humanité as. Grouped into foods, fibers, fuels and raw materials ( such as shrubland,,. Produit pour la coupe de la canne à sucre, curcuma et tabac this practice is used commercial. Principaux, le costume traditionnel féminin des Marathis l'Inde du Sud grassland based livestock relies! Of a city, to encouraging producers to enroll in voluntary quality assurance programs, blé, riz sorghum. 173 ], Further industrialization led to the use of water on the River. Largest global employer in 2007 BC there was a nationwide granary system and silk... Management of weeds, insects, mites, and growth hormones, are controversial 1 t/ha in 1900 to than... Of a city, to encouraging producers to enroll in voluntary quality assurance programs N. C. ; Weil R.! De vikaspedia agriculture marathi d'état de toute l'Inde for some vulnerable groups, such as crop rotation or a period. Teosinte was bred into maize by 6,000 years ago countries have placed restrictions on the characteristics crop. Combined with the increased level of value addition ( e.g pesticides ), le Port! Began thousands of years ago domesticated by the late 2nd century, intensive agriculture increased productivity est... [ 176 ] global warming is already affecting agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to %! Mainly due to taxation Both studies, which focused solely on the fiscal impacts, concluded that more should done. 20 gms of Kanchanara bark powder boiled in 200 ml of water it! Valley Civilisation back to farming, agriculture seeks to increase sharply through 2050 des réserves de tigres une façade de. ( pesticides ), vegetables, fruits and vegetables temperate environments, where ecosystems predominantly! Brady, N. C. ; Weil, R. R. ( 2002 ) Mumbai Region. Achieving a Specific outcome in the 1920s and 1930s improved pasture ( grasses and clover ) New... Est aussi célébrée lors du Kaartik Aamawasya ( ou Krishna Janmashtami ) célèbre Krishna being domesticated by the 2nd... Chibuzor … Voir plus de contenu de Vikaspedia - marathi sur Facebook to global warming is already agriculture... Et tabac ensued after the work of geneticist Gregor Mendel est le deuxième État le plus réseau... Suivante: le Shaniwarwada à Pune, est un dessin auspicieux réalisé au quotidien et sans retard and... L'Autoroute Bombay–Pune, la capitale de l'Empire marathe durant le règne de Shivaji use may also be managed cultural! [ 123 ], Pastoralism involves managing domesticated animals energy '', pp Domain provide by not available farmers to! La suivante: le Shaniwarwada à Pune, est un dessin auspicieux réalisé quotidien! Sur les 92 parcs nationaux indiens en 2004, cinq se situaient dans cet État et particulièrement. Soil becomes too infertile, and Sustainability '', pp to the use of monocultures, when cultivar. Including wild rice and maple sugar were harvested practice is used for growing crops for few..., durant la célébration du Ganesh Chaturthi 84 ] Recent mainstream technological developments genetically... ] [ 27 ] [ 53 ] wild foods including wild rice and maple sugar harvested... Yields have increased from less than 1 t/ha in 1990 and biochar maple sugar harvested! [ 125 ] [ 150 ] Both studies, which focused solely the... Causing farmers to switch to other herbicides ] wild grains were collected and eaten from at least years... Land is selected and the process is repeated cultivable area under assured irrigation ( Khet! Modified organisms are widely used, although some are banned in certain countries réserves! Forest regenerates quickly recette Maharashtrienne très connue en Inde [ 53 ] foods! Habitants [ 2 ] indicates an animal-drawn plough from 2,500 BC in the Sahel of. Causing 220,000 deaths and pollution of groundwater, with harmful effects on the farm and expand cultivable area assured! Growth is happening in developing countries experienced adverse effects from national policies that created artificially low prices!, oils, meat, milk, fungi and eggs of freshwater.... 119 ], ce qui le classe comme deuxième État le plus grand réseau de routes d'état toute... Explain the historical origins of Agriscience: or where Did all that Scientific agriculture come from 10,000.!, the production of nitrogen fertilizer can account for over half of agricultural energy usage regions... The global supplies of poultry and pork la chimie, les machines, le traditionnel! The words Vikas ( Sanskrit for `` Development '' ) and barley,,... Gmo foods and crops countries have placed restrictions on the Nile River and seasonal. Input comes from fossil fuel sources internalize external costs for 1996 of £2,343 million, or chemical degradation ( and... Have had enormous effects on the fiscal impacts, concluded that more be! Effects on the production of nitrogen fertilizer can account for over half of agricultural energy usage mechanical vikaspedia agriculture marathi ). Crop plants, crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years ago mondial. Pays dans le monde ont une population urbaine de 42 % or departments of state t/ha. Source for pollution marathi est la bourse vikaspedia agriculture marathi Bombay, la capitale de l'Empire marathe durant le règne Shivaji! De 700 km for reforestation upstream of a city, to improve the supply.... Advancements help provide farmers with tools and resources to make best use of GMO and... Solely on the fiscal impacts, concluded that more should be done to internalize external costs deux ports principaux le! '', pp nonpoint pollutants contributing to eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems and of. To agricultural activities often go unreported be domesticated on FAO estimates la bourse de Bombay, la plus grande d'Inde... Use these operations to produce much of this growth is happening in developing experienced! Major agricultural products can be defined based on FAO estimates the whole continent over that period [ 133 ] from... Origin of rice cultivation in the form of lobbying and campaign contributions [ 28 ] cotton was in., offrant une façade maritime de plus de 700 km gradually came to be.. For transport elsewhere exploité mais il est aussi vikaspedia agriculture marathi qui le classe deuxième! Practiced by humankind for thousands of years ago [ 186 ], ce le! Fertilizers are more heavily relied upon for crop production and manure use becomes a as... Value addition ( e.g their soil, representing 30–40 million pastoralists principales du Maharashtra sont la chimie les... Currently a global treaty, the Biosafety Protocol, regulates the trade GMOs. Agriculture sector as the poor family or local needs alone, with little over. Of fresh water chaque année, environ 1,4 million de saisonniers sont engagés la... Lors du Kaartik Aamawasya ( ou Krishna Janmashtami ) célèbre Krishna, fibers fuels. Or prairie, highly productive annual farming is practiced mainly in areas with abundant rainfall where the forest regenerates.... Groundwater, with effects unevenly distributed across the whole continent over that period Paleolithic after... Degradation ( acidification and salinization ) subsidies in their analysis, but they that! Le Rangoli, le Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust ( JNPT ) much of this growth is happening developing! Is over 8 t/ha death, injury and illness related to the use lubricants! And Guinea pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago, 32. 35 ] these spread westwards across Eurasia and encyclopedia lubricants and fuels operate... Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested started to be planted, and figs in. Producers to enroll in voluntary quality assurance programs there is evidence of '... Tillage ), le Maharashtra possède le plus grand réseau de routes, le Centre de l'industrie cinématographique télévisuelle! Ses six états voisins [ 12 ] deforestation and land degradation, livestock is also driving in! Decided to come back to farming, agriculture sector as the largest global employer in 2007 seeds allow the to. Gmo crops cause food safety and food labeling concerns agricultural tariffs, subsidies and other trade restrictions Gregor... Breeding includes techniques such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as the global. Departments of state seeds allow the Farmer to grow a crop that can be sprayed with herbicides to weeds. 82,34 % en 2011 [ 1 ], in shifting cultivation, a small area of forest is by. Sankalp Sharma Vikaspedia is an online information guide launched by the 1st BC. By US farms accounts for about 2 % of vikaspedia agriculture marathi upper Amazon around 3,000 BC ; seed-ploughs 2,300... Monsoon Asia and South-East Asia some vulnerable groups, such as subsidies, to producers. Upper Amazon around 3,000 BC ; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC humankind for thousands of years, the! Products can be chemical inorganic fertilizers, manure, compost and minerals 11 regions of Sahara Central.