According to him, 2006 saw an explosion in the number of organ transplants in China, with more than 500 centers, 8,000 kidney transplants (official), 4,000 liver transplants, with organs taken from death row prisoners and rampant commercialization. But there is however a shortcoming in France regarding international complicity that poses an ethical problem in the country. The main focus of the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs is the crime of illicit organ removal. In France, trafficking in human beings is defined in the Act of 5 August 2013. Trafficking in human beings is the fact of recruiting, transporting, ... the removal of an organ, exploitation of begging, housing or working conditions that are contrary to human dignity, or forcing the victim to commit any crime or offence. Two important events take place in December. The different speakers at the press conference believe that the outcome of this discussion will depend on the dissemination of this information, especially to the French doctors and surgeons who have not made a stand in this regard. Among these studies are investigations by former Canadian Secretary of State for Asia-Pacific David Kilgour and international human rights lawyer David Matas. In 2008, confronted with the fact of this bank of living organs from China, health professionals from 78 countries gathered at the Istanbul conference and for the first time defined what trafficking organs and the trade in transplantation actually were, and what it meant for a number of surgeons to go to China in the name of scientific cooperation. The trade involves a network of human traffickers including mobile surgeons, brokers, patients, and sellers who meet for cla… Didier Sicard said that France must not participate in what is basically an ethical flaw by concluding that “it is impossible to support strict ethical laws in our country while at the same time have a detached attitude when outside the country.”. Category: On Dec. 12, the European Parliament will vote on a resolution against forced organ harvesting in China. They wanted to be present to share their experiences in organ transplantation in France and abroad and to reveal the silence amounting to complicity in the medical and political fields on forced organ harvesting in China. In 2015 the Council of Europe introduced a new criminal law convention to address organ trafficking. France is bound by international agreements and European Union directives to fight human trafficking. In addition, an independent people's tribunal focused on forced organ harvesting in China was set up in London and chaired by Sir Geoffrey Nice QC, who led the prosecution of Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević, former President of Serbia, at the UN’s International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Additionally, some instances of human trafficking may fall under immigration or labor laws. According to him, this issue will be even more acute in the future with what lies ahead in terms of commercialization of organs. According to various reports published by David Kilgour and David Matas, and by Ethan Gutmann, an American journalist, this organ surplus comes from Falun Gong prisoners of conscience who have been imprisoned by the hundreds of thousands in Chinese prisons since 1999. According to Jacques Belghiti, what these hospitals and transplantation clinics have in common is that their medical operations have always been associated with a low or total lack of scientific rigor, and no publication has been made in specialized journals. Trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal was on the agenda of the Working Group on Trafficking in Persons established by the Conference of Parties to the Organized Crime Convention at its fourth session, from … Le fait d'obtenir d'une personne le prélèvement de tissus, de cellules ou de produits de son corps contre un paiement, quelle qu'en soit la forme, est puni de cinq ans d'emprisonnement et de 75000 euros d'amende. French laws prohibit organ trafficking and provides for imprisonment of up to seven years and a fine of 100,000 euros, but transplant tourism to receive illegally sourced organs has nonetheless been a problem since the 1980s. In some countries, surgical teams are a very powerful medical body connected to the ruling party, they can act as they see fit and with all means at their disposal in the organization of the organ trade. Due to organ shortages, the waiting time for a transplant in the country is usually three years, and this waiting time increases each year. “The most serious case of transplant tourism is the case of China, because it goes hand in hand with the harvesting of organs from prisoners, especially of conscience, without ‘free and informed’ consent within the meaning of international law and of French law,” the bill states. The Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs was adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 9 July 2014. The government reported convicting 19 trafficking offenders under its anti-trafficking statute in 2008, the most recent year for which data was available, compared with 33 convicted trafficking offenders in 200… China appears to be the only country in the world where you can get an organ in less than 2 weeks, which is inconsistent with the clinical and scientific data and figures on the number of people executed in China every year. Indeed the current regulations on the commercialization of the body in France are still unique worldwide and in Europe. The question therefore is the origin of this source of readily available organs. Some migrants who could not pay their smugglers are held in debt bondage. The bill’s explanatory statement highlighted the current situation with organ transplants in France. Due to organ shortages, the waiting time for a transplant in the country is usually three years, and this waiting time increases each year. Beforehand, he wanted to make it clear that in the wake of a conference with David Kilgour, which was held in 2009 at the National Assembly on the same subject, he initiated a petition among French surgeons to raise awareness of the ethical issue. Navarro made further inquiries about the situation in China on organ harvesting. At the time, Jacques Belghiti’s role was to raise awareness—especially in America where businessmen run large scientific research international corporations—on the unacceptable actions happening in China. It ravishes communities, endangers businesses, strains government institutions, and drags down the wider economy. All Rights Reserved, Parliamentary & Congressional Resolutions, International Coalition to End Organ Pillaging in China, 1.5 Million in 53 Countries Say ‘No’ to Organ Harvesting in China, Celebrating International Human Rights Day, Speech by Fiona Bruce MP, Chair of the Conservative Party Human Rights Committee, PRESS RELEASE: Stop Forced Organ Harvesting Bill of 2020 Introduced in the United States, WATCH: Sir Geoffrey Nice QC (China Tribunal Chair) speaks at 2020 Ministerial Side Event, WATCH: UK China Research Group host Sir Geoffrey Nice QC, Prof Martin Elliott and Hamid Sabi from the China Tribunal, UK Anti-Slavery Day Webinar: Tackling forced organ harvesting & organ trafficking, Forced Organ Harvesting from Prisoners of Conscience: the Intersection of Medical Advocacy and Medical Ethics by David Matas. 3316 to stop forced organ harvesting in countries such as China. Drug trafficking is big business, bringing in a fifth of all profits from organised crime. The International Coalition to End Transplant Abuse in China. According to Harold King, forced organ harvesting is a major ethical issue in the international community, and especially in China. France is indeed one of the few countries in the world to have a law on bioethics, and a strictness in matters of transplantation that is extraordinarily little shared by other countries. Back then, there was a flowering of Chinese hospital websites like holiday places promising, like a commercial, a 100 percent transplant success, few complications, 4 minutes of circulatory arrest, a 0 percent rejection rate, and so on. For example, collaboration between French and Chinese health authorities must be scrutinized. It was at the very same time that he heard about Chinese-American patients going to China to be transplanted and coming back with more or less serious complications. FRANCE 24 English – LIVE – International Breaking News & Top stories - 24/7 stream FRANCE 24 English 1,063 watching Live now Bride trafficking: Pakistani women sold off … These measures punish those involved in these crimes and are aimed at preventing citizens of those countries from becoming complicit in these atrocities. Legal definition of trafficking: the act of buying or selling usually illegal goods. By the period of 1600, many other countries started participating in the European Slave Trade countries like France, Spain, North America, Sweden and many more. Through such collaboration, France has trained and formed close relationships with Chinese transplant personnel. Code pénal - Article 511-4. Since 1980, the Chinese government has allowed the police to use, without any restriction whatsoever, the corpses of prisoners for organ transplants, with or without consent of families or individuals. (Minghui.org) The National Assembly, the lower house of the bicameral French parliament, introduced a bill on September 15, 2020, to stop malpractice related to organ transplants, with an emphasis on illicit transplants carried out outside Europe. Origin countries: The countries (or area in a country) from where victims originate. This complicity could be: the training of Chinese surgeons, university and scientific exchanges, publications, the care of patients who had transplants abroad by prescribing anti-rejection drugs for them, which would be reimbursed in France, and so on. We do not know how lucky we are in France from a public health point of view, in so far as we focus above all on treating the patient, whatever their income, and without any commercial considerations. Organ trafficking in Egypt: ‘They locked me in and took my kidney’ This article is more than 1 year old. They are also the most difficult to trace and to interrupt. According to Navarro, there were and there are still some French transplant surgeons who are complicit in the development of transplantation in China. Vietnamese migrants are held in makeshift … Trafficking in organs in Europe Parliamentary Assembly Assemblée parlementaire Recommendation 1611 (2003)1 Trafficking in organs in Europe 1. France must also carry this message on the European front, so as not to stay silent and satisfied with domestic laws and regulations combined with a detached international attitude. The new bill consists of six articles that mandate organ transplants ethics and ensure compliance through verification, auditing, and sanctions. Organ Harvesting, “Recollections of Attending Master Li’s Lectures in China”, “Finland: Falun Gong Event in Front of Parliament and Chinese Embassy Warmly Received”, Oct. 8, 2020 | By Minghui correspondent Delong in France, Perpetrators Involved in Persecution of Falun Gong. Although China claimed to ban organ harvesting from prisoners in 2015, numerous independent studies have shown that such practices continue. The key would be to help other countries to progressively realize our ethical responsibility to the future, which is to say that the non-commercialization of the body be the universal norm rather than the reverse. Navarro then wanted to give it to Nicolas Sarkozy and Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner, but the government had made it clear that he needed to calm down and be as unobtrusive as possible on the subject of forced organ transplantations in China. People do not realize what it will mean for society in the future, that their own body can become a commodity for another person. This was the main industry and source of income for many hospitals. 3316 highlights evidence of forced organ harvesting and areas in which the French Government can take action. Neither would usually be … According to Madame Boyer what still holds good today in France concerning the non-commercialization of the human body is in keeping with the French way of thinking and as far as ethics are concerned is a genuine treasure. At the national level, human trafficking is defined and prohibited by the Penal Code, and the different elements of the definition of human trafficking are individually prohibited by the Penal Code as well. At that time, the transplant community didn’t react, as there was a country, China, which could offer virtually limitless amounts of organs from young, healthy people. He later learned that for an organ transplant in China, ten organs were often taken before finding the right one. Trafficking in persons is one of the most profitable crimes in the world, after drug trafficking and counterfeit. Whether as country of origin, transit or destination for the victims, almost every State in the world is affected by this phenom… Drug trafficking is one of the EMPACT priorities, Europol’s priority crime areas, under the 2018–2021 EU Policy Cycle. “Today the ideas taking over are: euthanasia, marketing the body, the sales of human body parts, all of which is distancing itself from the inalienable, individual, and unique characteristic of the human body,” Boyer said. Initiated by National Assembly Member Frédérique Dumas, bill No. Although France signed the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs in 2019, implementing the treaty and bringing violators to justice in France could be difficult. China is indeed a sensitive issue for the French government, and the subject of organ harvesting from Falun Gong, was carefully avoided so as not to give offence to Chinese officials and investors linked to the regime. In 2007, Francis Navarro participated in intercollegiate exchanges between Montpellier and Chengdu in China. Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. There are several forms of human trafficking: forced labor, domestic slavery, sexual exploitation, organs trafficking and forced criminality or begging. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), organ trade is a commercial transplantation where there is a profit, or transplantations that occurs outside of national medical systems. These sites showed there was organized foreign collaboration. It is important, according to him, to raise national awareness within the medical and political communities of the huge ethical problem that we have set before us. The China Tribunal analyzed a wide variety of evidence and determined that forced organ harvesting has taken place in China for about 20 years. Human trafficking occurs in almost every country in the world and can be described by 3 categories (countries can be any combination of these): 1. The bill’s explanatory statement highlighted the current situation with organ transplants in France. The adoption of the Convention represents a historical milestone in the fight against organ trafficking. In May 2018 Har­ri­son, a driver from North­ern Ire­land who took part in the France-Bel­gium leg of last Oc­to­ber’s fa­tal jour­ney, was stopped at the Chan­nel Tun­nel in Calais where the Bor­der Force found 18 Viet­namese mi­grants in his trailer. According to Xavier Breton, Member of Parliament for the Ain, (who came especially between meetings), there will be an opportunity for discussion on the subject when the new law on Family Affairs comes in. “Faced with the absence of sanctions from the European institutions to fight against these crimes, it is necessary to modify French domestic laws, in order to prevent French public and private health establishments from being made complicit in human rights violations of human organ transplantation,” the bill stated. Copyright © 2018 The International Coalition to End Transplant Abuse. Today there is an all-over problem of organ sales between France and abroad, whether it be of blood, oocytes, spermatozoids, genital organs, etc. In pole position, the kidney. According to Professor Sicard, “France is much more deeply rooted in the principle of non-commercialization of the body […]. Most of these countries are economically weak and have limited education and job opportunities. According to her, the text to be voted shortly on matters relating to the family at the National Assembly will see a slipping of values and a movement towards the commercialization of human beings by other human beings. Trafficking in organs in Europe Parliamentary Assembly Assemblée parlementaire Trafficking in organs in Europe Doc. However, the French medical profession should not be the first to violate this principle, because international medical complicity is more serious and violates our civic values.”. Because of the quality of their expertise, French surgeons and transplant surgeons have always had excellent relations with other universities around the world. Nigerian trafficking networks use migrant and drug trafficking routes through Libya and Italy to transport girls to France. Medical professionals took part in the discussion: Professor Francis Navarro, transplant surgeon at the Montpellier University Hospital; Professor Didier Sicard, former President of the National Consultative Ethics Committee; Professor Belghiti, transplant surgeon at Beaujon University Hospital; Professor Yves Chapuis, member of the Académie de Médecine, former surgeon, and a pioneer of organ transplantation in France; and Professor Patrick Pessaux, transplant surgeon at the Strasbourg University Hospital. Harold King spoke of his doubts concerning the Hangzou resolution signed a few weeks ago by 169 Chinese hospitals in which the Chinese government plans to limit the use of organs from prisoners sentenced to death and executed. 9822 3 June 2003 Report Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee Rapporteur: Mrs Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold, Switzerland, SOC Summary As the success of organ transplantation steadily increases, the gap between the supply and demand for organs continues to widen sharply. He then met the DAFOH NGO, which confirmed his findings on organ harvesting in China. Oddly enough, King said, this is exactly the number of people, 1167, who died during the year to donate their organs. in relation to the evolution of society. French surgeons have been widely solicited by China. Traffickers force children living in migrant camps in northern France to commit crimes, including facilitating smuggling to the United Kingdom. Jacques Belghiti was appointed President of the International Society of Transplantation in 2006. According to him, it is important to maintain this French ethical cultural exception. Rapid progress in medical science and technology has transformed organ transplantation, and kidney transplantation in particular, into a routine medical procedure practised in hospitals across the world. A few days before the trip, he asked for the donor’s records to get at least a minimum of information on the patient before arriving at Chengdu. Following the bill introduced by Valérie Boyer in 2010 in the text on Bioethics, the Department of Health stated that regulations on organ trafficking existed in France and that it was of no concern to the French. The panel, which took place Nov. 27, was led by Member of Parliament for the Bouches-du-Rhône Valérie Boyer and by Dr. Harold King, contact person in France for Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting(DAFOH). According to Professor Sicard, the central problem is that the French medical profession does not become complicit in matters of forced organ harvesting. As of today, the extent of organ trafficking is still unknown as to the number of such transplants performed annually. This practice also results in a transplantation system without transparency, since the management of all prisons in China is entirely left in the hands of the police and the army. The act of illicit organ removal is also criminalised under international human trafficking instruments that consider it as a form of exploitation of a living organ donor. This plan reaffirms the French government’s commitment to reinforcing the fight against human trafficking on the basis of 45 precise measures. However, the debate on the family will lead to an opening up of the trading of the human body which would be a move backwards for French national ethics. Organ trade (also known as Red market) is the trading of human organs, tissues, or other body products, usually for transplantation. According to Navarro, many Chinese surgeons were trained by excellent French transplant surgeons. By Laurent Gey, Epoch Times | December 11, 2013. In 1700 the term ‘white slavery’ was first recognized, which means the white girl and women they forcefully use to give drugs and use them for a sexual purpose. As early as 2013, the National Consultative Ethics Committee heard testimony warning that, by training Chinese doctors, French doctors could have become unwittingly complicit in forced organ harvesting. PARIS—A panel discussion on organ transplant trafficking and tourism at the French National Assembly addressed the ethical issues involved in organ trafficking abroad, and, in particular, in China. Forced Organ Harvesting in China. It also concluded that these practices are “crimes against humanity proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”. Illegal organ trafficking can involve the coercion of people to give up their organs, in order to be sold on the black market. According to him, this resolution is, as is custom in China, a false front, like the law passed in China in 2007 prohibiting transplant tourism following the international pressure triggered by the publication of the report on forced organ harvesting by David Kilgour and David Matas  and by the report by Manfred Nowak Special Rapporteur of the United Nations. The French bill stated that several countries and regions have already amended their national legislation to curb transplant tourism to China, including Spain, Italy, Israel, and Taiwan. “Through this and through official channels, it was explained to me that it would be a standard transplant with a complete organ, that everything would be ready for the day I arrived and the transplant would be done with a retransmission to save all the details, “said Professor Navarro. To show the game played by the Chinese authorities regarding these practices and how they communicate to the international community, King pointed out that in 2012, the figure of 1,167 people volunteering for organ donation was provided by the Chinese government. All are facilitated by local criminal networks but those run by organised global criminal syndicates are the most dangerous, mobile, and widespread. The Trafficking in Persons Protocol supplementing the Transnational Organized Crime Convention includes trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal. According to Professor Jacques Belghiti, transplant surgeon at Beaujon University Hospital, no scientific feedback has been published concerning the results of transplants from forced organ harvesting. Of course there is a great difference between taking vital organs in China by killing the donor, but it must be said that the commercialization of the human body is becoming a widespread problem. In 1984 the United States passed the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA), which banned the … UNODC response. In the United States, there have been 26 pieces of legislation passed aimed at regulating organ transplanting and donation (Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), n.d.). Strasbourg, France. Doctors then realized that they had to take these patients back into care by giving them anti-rejection drugs, and that it was sometimes necessary to do another transplant. On Dec. 9, a delegation from DAFOH handed over to Office of UN High Commissioner on Human Rights a petition with over 1.4 million signatures including over 300,000 from Europe asking the High Commissioner to call for an immediate halt of forced organ harvesting on prisoners of conscience, mainly Falun Gong practitioners. Frédérique Dumas, member of the National Assembly, initiated bill No. Portugal is the sixth member state to ratify the Convention, which has entered into force in March 2018 and is built around the principle of the “illicit removal of human organs”. It generates a yearly profit of 32 billion dollars. This practice violates for the first time the ethical law recognized worldwide regarding the necessity of obtaining the consent of the person involved. They do not appear in court or in the calculation of death row executions. In practice, limiting the use of organs to prisoners sentenced to death has never been respected in China. It is then that he began to understand that an execution was being planned for the day of transplantation, the donor was therefore not voluntary, and humans were being used as an organ bank for transplants in China. Instead, the organ trade in China concerns, to a greater extent, prisoners of conscience who have committed no criminal offense. According to this particular website, there are offers from France and Belgium, where organ trading is illegal. France - Anti-Organ Trafficking Law. Many translated example sentences containing "trafficking in organs" – French-English dictionary and search engine for French translations. Much overlapping evidence explains the more than 200,000 organ transplants of unknown origin between 2000 and 2008. We are a coalition of lawyers, medical professionals and human rights advocates dedicated to ending organ transplant abuse in and from China. France prohibits trafficking for sexual exploitation through Article 225 of its penal code, which prescribes penalties that are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for rape. According to Boyer, tomorrow these principles will be violated by changing the system to allow the commercialization of the human body in all its aspects. The conference gave the floor to professors and French surgeons. 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